Today, Africa is home to a remarkable variety of people and cultures. It is a land of striking contrasts and wild beauty. It is also a place facing many problems, including war, starvation, poverty, and disease.
A VAST CONTINENT
Africa is the second largest of Earth’s seven continents, after Asia . It accounts for nearly one-quarter of the world’s land. In the northeast, Africa touches Asia in Egypt Morocco Africa . They are home to some 800 million people.
STRADDLING THE EQUATOR
THE MIGHTY NILE
The longest river in the world, the Nile, empties into the Mediterranean in northeastern Africa . Ancient Egypt , one of the world’s first great civilizations, developed along the mighty Nile more than 5,000 years ago. Today, its magnificent pyramids still tower above the land.
THE SAHARA
The Sahara, the world’s largest desert, reaches across a vast swath of northern Africa . It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. In fact, the Sahara covers one-quarter of the entire continent. The Sahara is mainly hot, dry, and empty. But people have used teams of camels to carry goods across this giant desert since ancient times.
EQUATORIAL AFRICA
South of the Sahara is equatorial Africa , lying on either side of the equator. Here we find lush tropical rain forests and tropical grasslands called savannas. On Africa’s west coast are the trading ports of West Africa . These ports ship crops such as coffee, cotton, and cacao beans (from which chocolate is made) to the world.
The Congo River, Central Africa’s largest waterway, empties into the Atlantic Ocean near the equator. The Congo drains a vast basin in Central Africa that receives more rainfall than any other part of the continent. It carries more water than any river in the world except the Amazon River in South America .
GREAT RIFT VALLEY
The highlands of Africa are in the east. They run the length of the continent. Between mountain ranges lies the Great Rift Valley . It runs north to south for more than 3,000 miles (4,830 kilometers). The valley actually begins in the Asian country of Syria and reaches all the way to Mozambique in southeast Africa . The Great Rift Valley is rich with fossils. Here, scientists have found ancient bones that have helped them understand the mystery of human origins.
KILIMANJARO
In southern Africa is the great Namib Desert . This desert lines the southwest coast, reaching inland about 81 miles (130 kilometers). In the center is the fertile High Veld, a large plateau that slopes down to the Indian Ocean in the east. On the southern tip of the continent is South Africa ’s famous Cape of Good Hope . This is the place where the Indian and Atlantic oceans meet.
MANY DIFFERENT PEOPLE
The people of Africa may be the most diverse of all the continents. Africa ’s 800 million people speak perhaps 2,000 or more languages. Thousands of distinct ethnic groups are found in Africa .
North of the Sahara , people are mainly of Arab origin. South of the Sahara , the people are mostly black Africans. Throughout Africa are scattered people of European ancestry, descendants of colonial settlers.
Most Africans live in rural communities. Many raise livestock or farm. Relatively few people live in cities. But Africa does have many big cities, and they are growing rapidly. They include Cairo , Egypt ; Casablanca , Morocco ; Lagos , Nigeria ; and Cape Town , South Africa
From the 1500s to the 1800s, millions of Africans were forcibly removed to North and South America to work as slaves. Their descendants are still prominent among the people of both of those continents.
South of the Sahara, Africa teems with animal life. Wild herds of antelope, zebras, giraffes, and impalas roam across the savanna. Lions, cheetahs, and leopards feed on them. Elephants live in some forests and grasslands. Gorillas live in the rain forests of Central Africa .
Today, many of these animals are endangered. Farms and cities have replaced much of the land they called home. They have been hunted for trophies, meat, and sport. Many countries in Africa try to protect endangered animals, but their numbers continue to dwindle.
MANY CHALLENGES
Today, Africa faces many challenges. The majority of its people remain poor. Droughts are frequent in many areas, leading to terrible starvation. Wars within and between countries have killed millions of people and forced millions of others to leave their homes and live elsewhere as refugees.
Diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria kill millions of Africans each year. In recent years, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has spread rapidly, especially south of the Sahara . It has infected millions of people and devastated some regions.
Despite these troubles, Africa remains a magnificent place. Perhaps no other part of Earth is as varied in its geography, wildlife, and people.
| Countries of | ||||
| Country | Capital | Population (2008 estimate) | Area (square miles) | Area (square kilometers) |
| | | 33,700,000 | 920,000 | 2,380,000 |
| | | 12,500,000 | 481,000 | 1,250,000 |
| | | 8,290,000 | 43,500 | 113,000 |
| | | 1,840,000 | 225,000 | 582,000 |
| | | 14,800,000 | 106,000 | 274,000 |
| | | 8,690,000 | 10,700 | 27,800 |
| | Yaoundé | 18,500,000 | 184,000 | 475,000 |
| | | 426,000 | 1,560 | 4,030 |
| | | 4,430,000 | 240,000 | 622,000 |
| | N'Djamena | 10,110,000 | 496,000 | 1,280,000 |
| | | 732,000 | 720 | 1,860 |
| | | 3,900,000 | 132,000 | 342,000 |
| | Yamoussoukro | 18,400,000 | 125,000 | 322,000 |
| | | 68,000,000 | 905,000 | 2,340,000 |
| | | 506,000 | 8,960 | 23,200 |
| | | 81,700,000 | 385,000 | 998,000 |
| | | 562,000 | 10,800 | 28,100 |
| | | 5,030,000 | 46,800 | 121,000 |
| | | 78,300,000 | 438,000 | 1,130,000 |
| | | 1,480,000 | 103,000 | 268,000 |
| The | | 1,740,000 | 4,360 | 11,300 |
| | | 23,400,000 | 92,100 | 239,000 |
| | | 10,210,000 | 94,900 | 246,000 |
| | | 1,500,000 | 13,900 | 36,100 |
| | | 38,000,000 | 225,000 | 583,000 |
| Lesotho | Maseru | 2,130,000 | 11,700 | 30,400 |
| Liberia | Monrovia | 3,330,000 | 38,200 | 99,100 |
| Libya | Tripoli | 6,170,000 | 678,000 | 1,760,000 |
| Madagascar | Antananarivo | 20,000,000 | 227,000 | 587,000 |
| Malawi | Lilongwe | 13,900,000 | 45,700 | 118,000 |
| Mali | Bamako | 12,300,000 | 479,000 | 1,240,000 |
| Mauritania | Nouakchott | 3,360,000 | 398,000 | 1,030,000 |
| Mauritius | Port Louis | 1,260,000 | 790 | 2,040 |
| Morocco | Rabat | 34,300,000 | 175,000 | 454,000 |
| Mozambique | Maputo | 21,300,000 | 309,000 | 799,000 |
| Namibia | Windhoek | 2,060,000 | 318,000 | 824,000 |
| Niger | Niamey | 13,300,000 | 489,000 | 1,270,000 |
| Nigeria | Abuja | 138,000,000 | 357,000 | 924,000 |
| Rwanda | Kigali | 10,190,000 | 10,200 | 26,300 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | São Tomé | 206,000 | 390 | 1,000 |
| Senegal | Dakar | 12,900,000 | 76,000 | 197,000 |
| Seychelles | Victoria | 82,200 | 180 | 450 |
| Sierra Leone | Freetown | 6,290,000 | 27,700 | 71,700 |
| Somalia | Mogadishu | 9,380,000 | 246,000 | 638,000 |
| South Africa | Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial) | 43,800,000 | 471,000 | 1,220,000 |
| Sudan | Khartoum | 40,200,000 | 967,000 | 2,510,000 |
| Swaziland | Mbabane | 1,130,000 | 6,700 | 17,400 |
| Tanzania | Dar es Salaam (current capital); Dodoma (future capital) | 40,200,000 | 365,000 | 945,000 |
| Togo | Lomé | 5,860,000 | 21,900 | 56,800 |
| Tunisia | Tunis | 10,380,000 | 63,500 | 164,000 |
| Uganda | Kampala | 31,400,000 | 93,100 | 241,000 |
| Zambia | Lusaka | 11,700,000 | 291,000 | 753,000 |
| Zimbabwe | Harare | 12,400,000 | 151,000 | 391,000 |
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